An umpire may penalize a boat without a protest by another boat, or report the incident to the protest committee, or both, when the boat

1. breaks rule 31 or 42 and does not take a penalty;
2. breaks a rule of Part 2 and makes contact with another boat on her team or with a boat in another race, and no boat takes a penalty;
3. breakes a rule and her team gains an advantage depite her, or another boat on her team, taking a penalty;
4. breaks rule 14 and there is damage or injury;
5. breaks rule D1.3(b);
6. fails to take a penalty signalled by an umpire;
7. commits a breach of sportsmanship.

The Umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4.